Space-Derived Subsurface Sensing

Develop a framework for evaluating geophysical sensing methods that use non-traditional signals (such as space-derived particles or cosmic interactions) to image underground formations. Include criteria for accuracy, uncertainty, scalability, environmental impact, and cost; compare with traditional seismic and magnetic methods; propose data management, validation protocols, and risk-mitigation strategies; and outline stages for test deployments, technology-readiness assessment, and decision guidelines for mineral exploration programs.