Make in India Tradeoffs

Analyze the logic of a government-led manufacturing push aimed at building domestic capacity in sectors like mobile phones, semiconductors, and related hardware. What problems can industrial policy solve, where does it usually fall short, and what design choices determine whether subsidies create durable capability or just short-term assembly growth? Compare approaches such as tax incentives, infrastructure support, procurement guarantees, land and utility concessions, and support for R&D or technology transfer. Conclude with a framework for evaluating whether a manufacturing policy is building an ecosystem, not just adding output.