When Energy Becomes Cheaper

Explain why declining costs in renewable energy can become a turning point for industrial strategy, electricity markets, and regional development. Compare the economics of solar thermal, wind, solar PV, storage, and traditional fuels, and discuss what happens when new capacity reaches scale quickly. Then assess the policy choices that determine whether cheap clean energy accelerates electrification, strains the grid, or disrupts incumbent energy sectors. Conclude with a scenario analysis for countries trying to replicate this transition.