Winning the AI Stack

Map the full stack of an AI industry ecosystem, from advanced semiconductors and substrates to cloud infrastructure, data centers, model partnerships, security alliances, and university research. What combination of industrial policy, private investment, talent pipelines, and international collaboration helps a country move from participating in AI to shaping it? Use examples of hardware, infrastructure, and applied research to identify where durable competitive advantages are created—and where dependence on foreign platforms can become a strategic weakness.