Pricing Energy Shocks

Build a decision framework for governments facing persistent energy-cost pressure. How should policymakers choose among subsidies, tax relief, price caps, strategic reserves, public investment, and demand reduction when energy bills rise faster than expected? Discuss the tradeoffs between short-term relief and long-term incentives for efficiency, electrification, and diversification of supply. Then apply the framework to a manufacturing economy that wants to protect competitiveness while limiting public-debt growth.